Proyecto Conecta2. Equipos multidisciplinares para mejorar la adherencia y la técnica de inhalación en paciente asmático / Conecta2 Project. Multidisciplinary teams to improve adherence and inhalation technique in asthmatic patients

INTRODUCCIÓN: la adherencia al tratamiento crónico inhalado es menor del 50 % en pacientes con patologías crónicas respiratorias como el asma y la EPOC. El farmacéutico comunitario (FC) por su formación y accesibilidad, es un profesional sanitario adecuado para el seguimiento del paciente crónico respiratorio. Es capaz de educar y aconsejar sobre el manejo de inhaladores (técnica de inhalación) y comprobar el uso de estos, además de apoyar y vigilar los síntomas en caso de aparecer exacerbaciones y dar consejos de estilo de vida en general para mejorar la salud. Asimismo, las intervenciones del FC sobre el uso correcto de los inhaladores han mostrado mejoras en la adherencia de los pacientes.OBJETIVOS: se realizó una campaña sanitaria en paciente asmático adulto para: 1) Conocer la técnica inhalatoria de los pacientes. 2) Intervenir sobre la técnica inhalatoria3) Determinar el grado de adherencia a la terapia inhalada y el tipo de paciente no adherente.4) Intervenir de forma multidisciplinar.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: se realizó una sesión online en abril de 2021 para personal de los centros de salud (médicos de familia, enfermería) y FC del área de los hospitales Peset y La Fé en Valencia, y del área de los hospitales Reina Sofía y Santa Lucía en Murcia. Se dio una formación específica de fisiopatología y tratamiento del asma por parte del médico de familia y una parte de abordaje de la adherencia en paciente crónico respiratorio desde la farmacia comunitaria por parte del FC.S e planteó una captación de pacientes por parte del FC desde el 15 de abril al 30 de junio, generando un informe que se daba al paciente para su entrega en el centro de salud. Toda esta información se registró mediante el SEFAC e_XPERT www.SEFACexpert.org, recogiendo el consentimiento informado del paciente para el registro de los datos. (AU)

[Vaccination against community acquired pneumonia in adults. Update 2021 of the position paper by Neumoexpertos en Prevención Group]. / Vacunación frente a la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad del adulto. Actualización 2021 del posicionamiento del Grupo de Neumoexpertos en Prevención.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in adults. The aim of this study is to update the practical prevention guide for CAP through vaccination in Spain developed in 2016 and updated in 2018, based on available vaccines and evidence through bibliographic review and expert opinion. The arrival of COVID-19 as a new cause of CAP and the recent availability of safe and effective vaccines constitutes the most significant change. Vaccines against pneumococcus, influenza, pertussis and COVID-19 can help to reduce the burden of disease from CAP and its associated complications. The available evidence supports the priority indications established in this guide, and it would be advisable to try to achieve a widespread dissemination and implementation of these recommendations in routine clinical practice.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Spain and the different aspects of its social impact: a multidisciplinary opinion document.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most prevalent diseases in the World, and one of the most important causes of mortality and morbidity. In adults 40 years and older, it affects more than 10% of the population and has enormous personal, family and social burden. Tobacco smoking is its main cause, but not the only one, and there is probably a genetic predisposition that increases the risk in some patients. The paradigm of this disease is changing in Spain, with an increase of women that has occurred in recent years. Many of the physio pathological mechanisms of this condition are well known, but the psychological alterations to which it leads, the impact of COPD on relatives and caregivers, the limitation of daily life observed in these patients, and the economic and societal burden that they represent for the health system, are not so well-known. A major problem is the high under-diagnosis, mainly due to difficulties for obtaining, in a systematic way, spirometries in hospitals and health-care centers. For this reason, the Fundación de Ciencias de la Salud and the Spanish National Network Center for Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES) have brought together experts in COPD, patients and their organizations, clinical psychologists, experts in health economics, nurses and journalists to obtain their opinion about COPD in Spain. They also discussed the scientific bibliometrics on COPD that is being carried out from the CIBERES and speculated on the future of this condition. The format of the meeting consisted in the discussion of a series of questions that were addressed by different speakers and discussed until a consensus conclusion was reached.

Clinical Factors Associated With Overuse of Asthma Reliever Medication.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate the relationship between the clinical factors of asthma and the use of reliever medication. METHODS: We performed an observational cross-sectional study in Spain. The study population comprised patients aged ≥12 years diagnosed with persistent asthma according to the criteria of the Global Initiative for Asthma and receiving maintenance treatment for at least 12 months. Use of reliever medication was classified as low use of reliever medication (LURM) (≤2 times/wk) and high use of reliever medication (HURM) (≥3 times/wk). A variety of clinical variables and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) were recorded (eg, scores on the Asthma Control Questionnaire-5 [ACQ-5] and Test of Adherence to Inhalers [TAI]). RESULTS: A total of 406 patients were recruited. Mean (SD) age was 44.3 (17.9) years, and 64% were women. Reliever medication was used ≤2 times/wk in 76.1%. Bivariate analysis showed that HURM was related to smoking habit, unscheduled emergency department visits, hospital admissions, higher doses of inhaled corticosteroid, and night awakenings in the previous 4 weeks (P<.001). The multivariate analysis showed a higher risk of using reliever medication in smokers and former smokers, when the number of night awakenings increased, in cases of self-perception of partially controlled or uncontrolled asthma, or when asthma is uncontrolled according to the ACQ-5. CONCLUSIONS: Our study identifies the potential of poor use of reliever medication in the last week as an alarm signal for disease-related parameters such as exacerbations, poor asthma control, and disease severity.

Clinical factors associated with overuse of asthma reliever medication

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate the relationship between the clinical factors of asthma and the use of reliever medication. METHODS: We performed an observational cross-sectional study in Spain. The study population comprised patients aged ≥12 years diagnosed with persistent asthma according to the criteria of the Global Initiative for Asthma and receiving maintenance treatment for at least 12 months. Use of reliever medication was classified as low use of reliever medication (LURM) (≤2 times/wk) and high use of reliever medication (HURM) (≥3 times/wk). A variety of clinical variables and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) were recorded (eg, scores on the Asthma Control Questionnaire-5 [ACQ-5] and Test of Adherence to Inhalers [TAI]). RESULTS: A total of 406 patients were recruited. Mean (SD) age was 44.3 (17.9) years, and 64% were women. Reliever medication was used ≤2 times/wk in 76.1%. Bivariate analysis showed that HURM was related to smoking habit, unscheduled emergency department visits, hospital admissions, higher doses of inhaled corticosteroid, and night awakenings in the previous 4 weeks (P<.001). The multivariate analysis showed a higher risk of using reliever medication in smokers and former smokers, when the number of night awakenings increased, in cases of self-perception of partially controlled or uncontrolled asthma, or when asthma is uncontrolled according to the ACQ-5. CONCLUSIONS: Our study identifies the potential of poor use of reliever medication in the last week as an alarm signal for disease-related parameters such as exacerbations, poor asthma control, and disease severity

OBJETIVO: Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la relación entre parámetros clínicos del asma y el uso de medicación de rescate. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional de corte transversal realizado en España. El estudio reclutó pacientes ≥12 años diagnosticados con asma persistente según los criterios de GINA y que recibieron tratamiento de mantenimiento durante al menos 12 meses. El uso de la medicación de rescate fue dicotomizado: bajo uso de medicación de rescate (LURM) (≤dos veces/semana) o alto uso de medicación de rescate (HURM) (≥tres veces/semana). Se registraron una variedad de variables clínicas y resultados notificados por los pacientes (PRO), como el Cuestionario de Control del Asma-5 (ACQ-5) y la Prueba de Adherencia a Inhaladores (TAI). RESULTADOS: Se reclutaron 406 pacientes, de 44,3 [17,9] años edad media (DE) y un 64% de mujeres. En el 76,1% se utilizó medicación de rescate ≤dos veces por semana. El análisis bivariante mostró que la HURM estaba relacionada con el hábito de fumar, las visitas no programadas a urgencias, ingresos hospitalarios, aumento de las dosis de corticosteroides inhalados, aumento en la terapia y los despertares nocturnos en las últimas cuatro semanas (p < 0,001). El análisis multivariado mostró un mayor riesgo de usar medicación de rescate en fumadores y exfumadores, cuando aumentó el número de despertares nocturnos, en casos de autopercepción de asma parcialmente controlada o no controlada, o cuando el asma no está controlada en base al ACQ-5. CONCLUSIONES: Nuestro estudio identifica la posibilidad de utilizar el aumento de la medicación de rescate en la última semana como una señal de alarma para algunos parámetros de la enfermedad, como exacerbaciones, mal control del asma y gravedad de la enfermedad

Differences between diabetic and non-diabetic patients with community-acquired pneumonia in primary care in Spain.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is one of the underlying risk factors for developing community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). The high prevalence of diabetes among population and the rising incidence of this illness, converts it as an important disease to better control and manage, to prevent its secondary consequences as CAP. The objective of this research is to describe the characteristics of the patients with diabetes and the differences with the no diabetes who have had an episode of CAP in the context of the primary care field. METHODS: A retrospective, observational study in adult patients (> 18 years-old) who suffer from CAP and attended at primary care in Spain between 2009 and 2013 was developed using the Computerized Database for Pharmacoepidemiological Studies in Primary Care (BIFAP). We carried out a descriptive analysis of the first episodes of CAP, in patients with or without diabetes as comorbidity. Other morbidity (CVA, Anaemia, Arthritis, Asthma, Heart disease, Dementia, Depression, Dysphagia, Multiple sclerosis, Epilepsy, COPD, Liver disease, Arthrosis, Parkinson's disease, Kidney disease, HIV) and life-style factors were also included in the study. RESULTS: A total of 51,185 patients were included in the study as they suffer from the first episode of CAP. Of these, 8012 had diabetes as comorbidity. There were differences between sex and age in patients with diabetes. Patients without diabetes were younger, and had less comorbidities including those related to lifestyles such as smoking, alcoholism, social and dental problems than patients with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who developed an episode of CAP with diabetes have more risk factors which could be reduced with an appropriate intervention, including vaccination to prevent successive CAP episodes and hospitalization. The burden of associated factors in these patients can produce an accumulation of risk. Health care professional should know this for treating and control these patients in order to avoid complications. Diabetes and those other risk factors associated could be reduced with an appropriate intervention, including vaccination to prevent the first and successive CAP episodes and the subsequent hospitalization in severe cases.

Dilemmas and New Paradigms in Asthma Management.

Asthma is one of the most common inflammatory diseases in the world. The main goal of treatment is to achieve optimal control. Although every patient is different, clinical practice guidelines can help physicians to manage the disease. However, the recommendations made by guidelines are not always identical, and the continuous release of new data on the various management strategies can mislead both patients and physicians. We aim to summarize the main controversies in management and treatment recommendations in asthma guidelines, revise the most recent scientific evidence, and pinpoint possible solutions. We do not issue new recommendations or challenge evidence-based guidelines. We concluded that more tools are necessary to achieve and measure optimal asthma control and to better assess the impact of asthma on patients' lives. Also essential is a more accurate appraisal of the short-term and long-term effectiveness and safety of asthma therapies and the possibilities of successful immunomodulation.

Dilemmas and new paradigms in asthma management

Asthma is one of the most common inflammatory diseases in the world. The main goal of treatment is to achieve optimal control. Although every patient is different, clinical practice guidelines can help physicians to manage the disease. However, the recommendations made by guidelines are not always identical, and the continuous release of new data on the various management strategies can mislead both patients and physicians. We aim to summarize the main controversies in management and treatment recommendations in asthma guidelines, revise the most recent scientific evidence, and pinpoint possible solutions. We do not issue new recommendations or challenge evidence-based guidelines. We concluded that more tools are necessary to achieve and measure optimal asthma control and to better assess the impact of asthma on patients' lives. Also essential is a more accurate appraisal of the short-term and long-term effectiveness and safety of asthma therapies and the possibilities of successful immunomodulation

El asma es una de las enfermedades inflamatorias más comunes en el mundo, y el objetivo principal de su tratamiento es lograr el mejor nivel de control en cada paciente. Aunque cada enfermo es diferente, se han desarrollado guías de práctica clínica nacionales o internacionales, con el objeto de ayudar a los médicos a controlar la enfermedad, de acuerdo a la mejor evidencia científica disponible. No obstante, las recomendaciones formuladas por las diferentes guías no siempre son iguales, y continuamente se están publicando nuevos datos sobre diferentes y nuevas estrategias de manejo de la enfermedad. Todo ello, puede inducir a error tanto a los pacientes como a los médicos. Nuestro objetivo con este artículo es, en primer lugar, revisar las principales controversias o dilemas, en términos de manejo y recomendaciones de tratamiento, que generan las guías de manejo del asma más difundidas; en segundo lugar, revisar la evidencia científica más recientemente publicadas y finalmente señalar posibles soluciones a estos dilemas. Esta revisión, sin embargo, no tiene como objetivo emitir nuevas recomendaciones o cuestionar las directrices u recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia, definidas en las guías. Como conclusión de este artículo, los autores consideraron que se necesitan mejores herramientas para alcanzar y medir el control óptimo del asma y para evaluar mejor el impacto del asma en la vida de los pacientes. Además, sería de suma importancia conocer con mayor precisión la efectividad y seguridad a corto y largo plazo de las terapias para el asma, y las posibilidades de una inmunomodulación eficaz

Vacunación frente a la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad del adulto. Actualización 2018 del posicionamiento del Grupo de Neumoexpertos en Prevención / Adult community acquired pneumonia vaccination: 2018 Update of the positioning of the Pneumonia Prevention Expert Group

La neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) continúa siendo una causa importante de morbimortalidad en adultos. El objetivo de este documento es actualizar la guía práctica de prevención de la NAC mediante vacunación en España desarrollada en 2016 en función de las vacunas y evidencias disponibles mediante revisión bibliográfica y opinión de expertos. Las vacunas frente al neumococo y la gripe continúan siendo las principales herramientas preventivas disponibles frente a la NAC, y pueden contribuir a disminuir la carga de enfermedad por NAC y sus complicaciones asociadas. La evidencia disponible avala las indicaciones prioritarias establecidas en esta guía, y sería recomendable tratar de lograr una difusión e implementación amplia en la práctica clínica rutinaria de estas recomendaciones

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in adults. The aim of this study is to update the 2016 practical prevention guidelines for CAP through vaccination in Spain, based on the available vaccines, as well as the evidence using a literature review and expert opinion. Vaccines against pneumococcus and influenza continue to be the main prevention tools available against CAP, and can contribute to reduce the burden of disease due to CAP and its associated complications. The available evidence supports the priority indications established in these guidelines, and it would be advisable to try to achieve a widespread dissemination and implementation of these recommendations in routine clinical practice

[Adult community acquired pneumonia vaccination: 2018 Update of the positioning of the Pneumonia Prevention Expert Group]. / Vacunación frente a la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad del adulto. Actualización 2018 del posicionamiento del Grupo de Neumoexpertos en Prevención.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in adults. The aim of this study is to update the 2016 practical prevention guidelines for CAP through vaccination in Spain, based on the available vaccines, as well as the evidence using a literature review and expert opinion. Vaccines against pneumococcus and influenza continue to be the main prevention tools available against CAP, and can contribute to reduce the burden of disease due to CAP and its associated complications. The available evidence supports the priority indications established in these guidelines, and it would be advisable to try to achieve a widespread dissemination and implementation of these recommendations in routine clinical practice.

[Consensus document on pneumococcal vaccination in adults at risk by age and underlying clinical conditions. 2017 Update]. / Consenso sobre la vacunación anti-neumocócica en el adulto por riesgo de edad y patología de base. Actualización 2017.

Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and pneumococcal pneumonia (PP) represent an important health problem among aging adults and those with certain underlying pathologies and some diseases, especially immunosuppressed and some immunocompetent subjects, who are more susceptible to infections and present greater severity and worse evolution. Among the strategies to prevent IPD and PP, vaccination has its place, although vaccination coverage in this group is lower than desirable. Nowadays, there are 2 vaccines available for adults. Polysacharide vaccine (PPV23), used in patients aged 2 and older since decades ago, includes a greater number of serotypes (23), but it does not generate immune memory, antibody levels decrease with time, causes an immune tolerance phenomenon, and have no effect on nasopharyngeal colonization. PCV13 can be used from children 6 weeks of age to elderly and generates an immune response more powerful than PPV23 against most of the 13 serotypes included in it. In the year 2013 the 16 most directly related to groups of risk of presenting IPD publised a series of vaccine recommendations based on scientific evidence regarding anti-pneumococcal vaccination in adults with underlying pathologies and special conditions. A commitment was made about updating it if new scientific evidence became available. We present an exhaustive revised document focusing mainly in recommendation by age in which some more Scientific Societies have been involved.

Quality indicators of asthma care derived from the Spanish Guidelines for Asthma Management (GEMA 4.0): a multidisciplinary team report

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Resumen del Consenso sobre la Vacunación Antineumocócica en el Adulto por Riesgo de Edad y Patología de Base. Actualización 2017 / No disponible

En el año 2013 algunas de las Sociedades Científicas más directamente relacionadas con los grupos de riesgo para padecer enfermedad neumocócica publicamos un documento de Consenso con una serie de recomendaciones basadas en las evidencias científicas respecto a la vacunación antineumocócica en el adulto con condiciones especiales y patología de base. Se estableció un compromiso de discusión y actualización ante la aparición de nuevas evidencias. Fruto de este trabajo de revisión, en abril de 2017 se ha publicado una actualización del anterior documento junto a 4 nuevas Sociedades Científicas donde destaca, entre otras novedades, la recomendación de vacunación por criterio de edad. Se resumen algunas de las principales novedades que presenta la actualización del documento de Consenso

In the year 2013 some of the most directly related to groups of risk of presenting IPD Scientific Societies published a series of vaccine recommendations based on scientific evidence regarding anti-pneumococcal vaccination in adults with underlying pathologies and special conditions. A commitment was made about updating it if new scientific evidence became available. In april 2017 an exhaustive revision over the previous document was published focusing mainly in recommendation by age. We review some of the main changes in the new Consensus document

Incidence and risk factor prevalence of community-acquired pneumonia in adults in primary care in Spain (NEUMO-ES-RISK project).

BACKGROUND: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in adults even in developed countries. Several lifestyle factors and comorbidities have been linked to an increased risk, although their prevalence has not been well documented in the primary care setting. The aim of this study is to assess the incidence, risk factor and comorbid conditions distribution of CAP in adults in primary care in Spain. METHODS: Retrospective observational study in adults (>18 years-old) with CAP diagnosed and attended at primary care in Spain between 2009 and 2013, using the Computerized Database for Pharmacoepidemiological Studies in Primary Care (BIFAP). RESULTS: Twenty-eight thousand four hundred thirteen patient records were retrieved and analyzed. Mean age (standard deviation): 60.5 (20.3) years, 51.7 % males. Global incidence of CAP in adults was estimated at 4.63 per 1000 persons/year. CAP incidence increased progressively with age, ranging from a 1.98 at 18-20 years of age to 23.74 in patients over 90 years of age. According to sex, global CAP incidence was slightly higher in males (5.04) than females (4.26); CAP incidence from 18 to 65 year-olds up was comparable between males (range: 2.18-5.75) and females (range: 1.47-5.21), whereas from 65 years of age, CAP incidence was noticeable higher in males (range: 7.06-36.93) than in females (range: 5.43-19.62). Average prevalence of risk factors was 71.3 %, which increased with age, doubling the risk in males by the age of 75 (females 20 % vs males 40 %). From 55 years of age, at least one risk factor was identified in 85.7 % of cases: one risk factor (23.8 %), two risk factors (23.4 %), three or more risk factors (38.5 %). Major risk factors were: metabolic disease (27.4 %), cardiovascular disease (17.8 %) and diabetes (15.5 %). CONCLUSIONS: The annual incidence of CAP in primary care adults in Spain is high, comparable between males and females up to 65 years of age, but clearly increasing in males from that age. CAP risk increases with age and doubles in males older than 75 years. The majority of CAP cases in patients over 55 years of age is associated to at least one risk factor. The main risk factors associated were metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes.

Vacunación frente a la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad del adulto. Posicionamiento del Grupo de Neumoexpertos en Prevención / Vaccination against community acquired pneumonia in adult patients. A position paper by Neumoexpertos en Prevención

Introducción. La neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) es una causa importante de morbimortalidad en adultos. La incidencia anual de NAC en adultos en España varía entre 3 y 14 casos por 1.000 habitantes. Las guías clínicas actuales se centran básicamente en el abordaje terapéutico de la NAC más que en su prevención. El objetivo de este estudio es desarrollar y proponer una guía práctica de prevención de la NAC mediante vacunación en España en función de las vacunas y las evidencias disponibles. Métodos. Revisión bibliográfica y opinión de expertos. Resultados. Las vacunas contra el neumococo y la gripe son las principales herramientas preventivas disponibles frente a la NAC. La edad, las enfermedades crónicas y la inmunosupresión son factores de riesgo para la neumonía, por lo que estas poblaciones deben ser objetivo prioritario de vacunación. Además, se considera recomendable la vacunación antigripal y antineumocócica tanto en el adulto sano de menos de 60 años como en cualquier persona de cualquier edad con condición de riesgo para NAC. La vacuna de la gripe se administrará estacionalmente, mientras que la vacunación antineumocócica podrá administrarse en cualquier momento del año. Conclusiones. La vacunación frente a neumococo y gripe en el adulto puede contribuir a disminuir la carga de enfermedad por NAC y sus complicaciones asociadas. La evidencia disponible avala las indicaciones prioritarias establecidas en esta guía, y sería recomendable tratar de lograr una difusión e implementación amplia en la práctica de estas recomendaciones (AU)

Introduction. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in adults. The annual incidence of CAP in adults in Spain ranges from 3 to 14 cases per 1,000 inhabitants. Current clinical guidelines primarily focus on the therapeutic approach to CAP rather than its prevention. The aim of this study is to develop and propose a practical guide for CAP prevention through vaccination in Spain according to available vaccines and evidence. Methods. A literature review and expert opinion. Results. Pneumococcal and influenza vaccines are the main preventive tools available against CAP. Age, chronic diseases, and immunosuppression are risk factors for pneumonia, so these populations should be a priority for vaccination. In addition, influenza and pneumococcal vaccination is considered advisable in healthy adults under 60 years of age, and anyone with risk condition for CAP, irrespective of age. The influenza vaccine will be administered seasonally, while pneumococcal vaccination can be administered at any time of the year. Conclusions. Vaccination against pneumococcus and influenza in adults can help to reduce the burden of CAP and its associated complications. The available evidence supports the priority indications set out in this guide, and it would be advisable to try to achieve a wide circulation and practical implementation of these recommendations (AU)

[Vaccination against community acquired pneumonia in adult patients. A position paper by Neumoexpertos en Prevención]. / Vacunación frente a la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad del adulto. Posicionamiento del Grupo de Neumoexpertos en Prevención.

INTRODUCTION: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in adults. The annual incidence of CAP in adults in Spain ranges from 3 to 14 cases per 1,000 inhabitants. Current clinical guidelines primarily focus on the therapeutic approach to CAP rather than its prevention. The aim of this study is to develop and propose a practical guide for CAP prevention through vaccination in Spain according to available vaccines and evidence. METHODS: A literature review and expert opinion. RESULTS: Pneumococcal and influenza vaccines are the main preventive tools available against CAP. Age, chronic diseases, and immunosuppression are risk factors for pneumonia, so these populations should be a priority for vaccination. In addition, influenza and pneumococcal vaccination is considered advisable in healthy adults under 60 years of age, and anyone with risk condition for CAP, irrespective of age. The influenza vaccine will be administered seasonally, while pneumococcal vaccination can be administered at any time of the year. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination against pneumococcus and influenza in adults can help to reduce the burden of CAP and its associated complications. The available evidence supports the priority indications set out in this guide, and it would be advisable to try to achieve a wide circulation and practical implementation of these recommendations.